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Ejma — Standard.pdf

Contents

Ejma — Standard.pdf

The EJMA Standard.pdf is a critical document that provides guidelines and recommendations for the design, fabrication, and installation of metal bellows expansion joints. By following the standard, manufacturers can ensure that their products meet the necessary safety and performance standards, reducing the risk of failure and associated costs. The standard is widely adopted in various industries, including power generation, chemical processing, and oil and gas, and is essential for ensuring the safe and reliable performance of metal bellows expansion joints.

By adhering to the EJMA Standard.pdf, manufacturers can ensure that their products meet the necessary safety and performance standards, reducing the risk of failure and associated costs. The standard also provides users with a clear understanding of the capabilities and limitations of metal bellows expansion joints, enabling them to select and install the correct component for their specific application.

The EJMA (Expansion Joint Manufacturers Association) standard, available in PDF format as EJMA Standard.pdf, is a widely recognized and adopted industry guide for the design, fabrication, and installation of metal bellows expansion joints. The standard provides detailed guidelines and recommendations for the manufacture and use of these critical components in various industries, including power generation, chemical processing, and oil and gas.

Metal bellows expansion joints are flexible components designed to absorb thermal expansion and contraction in piping systems, as well as provide a degree of flexibility to accommodate misalignment and vibration. They consist of a series of convolutions or corrugations in a metal tube, which can be made from a variety of materials, including stainless steel, carbon steel, and Inconel.

The EJMA Standard.pdf plays a crucial role in ensuring the safe and reliable performance of metal bellows expansion joints. The standard provides detailed design guidelines, material specifications, and fabrication requirements that manufacturers must follow to produce high-quality expansion joints.

The EJMA Standard.pdf is a critical document that provides guidelines and recommendations for the design, fabrication, and installation of metal bellows expansion joints. By following the standard, manufacturers can ensure that their products meet the necessary safety and performance standards, reducing the risk of failure and associated costs. The standard is widely adopted in various industries, including power generation, chemical processing, and oil and gas, and is essential for ensuring the safe and reliable performance of metal bellows expansion joints.

By adhering to the EJMA Standard.pdf, manufacturers can ensure that their products meet the necessary safety and performance standards, reducing the risk of failure and associated costs. The standard also provides users with a clear understanding of the capabilities and limitations of metal bellows expansion joints, enabling them to select and install the correct component for their specific application.

The EJMA (Expansion Joint Manufacturers Association) standard, available in PDF format as EJMA Standard.pdf, is a widely recognized and adopted industry guide for the design, fabrication, and installation of metal bellows expansion joints. The standard provides detailed guidelines and recommendations for the manufacture and use of these critical components in various industries, including power generation, chemical processing, and oil and gas.

Metal bellows expansion joints are flexible components designed to absorb thermal expansion and contraction in piping systems, as well as provide a degree of flexibility to accommodate misalignment and vibration. They consist of a series of convolutions or corrugations in a metal tube, which can be made from a variety of materials, including stainless steel, carbon steel, and Inconel.

The EJMA Standard.pdf plays a crucial role in ensuring the safe and reliable performance of metal bellows expansion joints. The standard provides detailed design guidelines, material specifications, and fabrication requirements that manufacturers must follow to produce high-quality expansion joints.

3.   Other settings

3.1   --region region

This patching option defines the region of the disc. The region is one of JAPAN, USA, EUROPE, KOREA, FILE or AUTO (default). The case of the keywords is ignored. Unsigned numbers are also accepted.
This option set the region mode for a disc. This region setting is independent from the disc ID (forth letter). GameCube discs stores the region code as 32 bit big endian integer at offset 0x458. Wii Disc use a data structure in the disc header at offset 0x4e000 with size 0x20. If the region setting of a Wii disc is modified, all bytes of the data structure are cleared (set to zero) and the first 4 bytes (32 bit big endian integer) are set to the new region code.

Parameters of option --region
Parameter Description
JAPAN Set the region code to 0 for Japan.
USA Set the region code to 1 for USA.
EUROPE Set the region code to 2 for Europe.
KOREA Set the region code to 4 for Korea.
FILE Try to read file ./disc/region.bin and use it as region setting. For non composing or if this fails, switch to AUTO mode.
AUTO Examine the fourth character of the new disc ID. If the region is mandatory, use it. If not, try to load ./disc/region.bin (see FILE). If this fails make a second unsure decision by using the fourth character of the new disc ID.

This is the default setting.

<number> Set the region code to the entered decimal number. The number can be prefixed by 0x to set a hexadecimal value.
All keywords are case insensitive and non ambiguous abbreviations are allowed.

Command reference

»wit convert«,   »wit copy«,   »wit dump«,   »wit edit«,   »wit extract«,   »wit mix«,   »wwt add«,   »wwt extract«,   »wwt new«,   »wwt scrub«,   »wwt sync«,   »wwt update«.

3.2   --common-key index

This patching option defines the common key index as part of the TICKET. Keywords 0, STANDARD, 1 and KOREAN are accepted.
Set the field common_key_index in the TICKET in all partitions (fake sign necessary). The option expects one of the keys STANDARD or KOREAN or a numeric value as parameter.

Command reference

»wit convert«,   »wit copy«,   »wit dump«,   »wit edit«,   »wit extract«,   »wwt add«,   »wwt extract«,   »wwt new«,   »wwt scrub«,   »wwt sync«,   »wwt update«.

3.3   --ios ios

This patching option defines the system version (IOS to load) within TMD. The format is 'HIGH:LOW' or 'HIGH-LOW' or 'LOW'. If only LOW is set than HIGH is assumed as 1 (standard IOS).
Set the field system_version in the TMD (fake sign necessary). The value is one of HIGH:LOW, HIGH-LOW or only LOW. Both numbers (HIGH and LOW) are unsigned 32 bit decimal numbers. The numbers can be prefixed by 0x to set a hexadecimal value. If HIGH is missing, a value of 1 (standard for IOS) is assumed.

It is standard to set a value between 1 and 255 to select a standard IOS. All other values are for experimental usage only.

Command reference

»wit convert«,   »wit copy«,   »wit create«,   »wit dump«,   »wit edit«,   »wit extract«,   »wwt add«,   »wwt extract«,   »wwt new«,   »wwt scrub«,   »wwt sync«,   »wwt update«.

4.   Select files

4.1   --rm-files ruleset

This patching option defines filter rules to remove real files and directories from the FST of the DATA partition. Fake signing of the TMD is necessary. The processing order of file options is: »--rm-files --zero-files --ignore-files«.
Each appearance defines pattern rules. ruleset is a list of rules described in »File Filters«.

Each real file and directory of the FST ('files/') of the first DATA partition, that matches the rule set, is removed. Only empty directories are removed. If at least one file or directory is removed, the TMD will be fake signed.

Command reference

»wit convert«,   »wit copy«,   »wit dump«,   »wit edit«,   »wit extract«,   »wwt add«,   »wwt extract«,   »wwt new«,   »wwt scrub«,   »wwt sync«,   »wwt update«.

4.2   --zero-files ruleset

This patching option defines filter rules to zero (set size to zero) real files of the FST of the DATA partition. Fake signing of the TMD is necessary. The processing order of file options is: »--rm-files --zero-files --ignore-files«.
Each appearance defines pattern rules. ruleset is a list of rules described in »File Filters«.

Each real file of the FST ('files/') of the first DATA partition, that matches the rule set, is zeroed, its offset and size is set to 0. If at least one file is zeroed, the TMD will be fake signed.

Command reference

»wit convert«,   »wit copy«,   »wit dump«,   »wit edit«,   »wit extract«,   »wwt add«,   »wwt extract«,   »wwt new«,   »wwt scrub«,   »wwt sync«,   »wwt update«.

4.3   --ignore-files ruleset

This option defines filter rules to ignore real files of the FST of the DATA partition. Fake signing is not necessary, but the partition becomes invalid, because the content of some files is not copied. If such file is accessed the Wii will halt immediately, because the verification of the checksum calculation fails. The processing order of file options is: »--rm-files --zero-files --ignore-files«.
Each appearance defines pattern rules. ruleset is a list of rules described in »File Filters«.

Option --ignore-files is not really a patching option, because nothing of the disc or partitions is changed. It works in the same way as the »wit MIX« qualifier ignore. Ejma Standard.pdf

When copying in scrubbing mode the system checks which sectors are used by a file. Each system and real file of the FST ('sys/...' and 'files/...') of the first DATA partition, that matches the rule set, is ignored for this sector search.

This means that the partition becomes invalid, because the content of some files is not copied. If such file is accessed the Wii will halt immediately, because the verification of the checksum calculation fails. The EJMA Standard

The advantage is to reduce the size of the image without a need to fake sign the partition. When using »wit MIX ... ignore« to create tricky combinations of partitions it may help to reduce the size of the output image dramatically.

Command reference

»wit convert«,   »wit copy«,   »wit dump«,   »wit extract«,   »wit files«,   »wit files-l«,   »wit files-ll«,   »wit verify«,   »wwt add«,   »wwt new«,   »wwt sync«,   »wwt update«,   »wwt verify«.

4.4   Differences between remove, zeroing and ignoring files

If you remove a file, it was removed from the FST (file system) and the storage of the content is ignored for copying (like scrubbing). Because changing the FST fake signing is necessary. If you list the FST you don't see the removed files.

If you zero a file, it is still in the FST, but its size is set to 0 bytes. The storage of the content is ignored for copying (like scrubbing). Because changing the FST fake signing is necessary. If you list the FST you see the zeroed files. By adhering to the EJMA Standard

If you ignore a file it is still in the FST, but the storage of the content is ignored for copying. If you list the FST you see the ignored files and they can be accessed, but the content of the files is invalid. It's tricky, but there is no need to fake sign.

All three variants can be mixed. Conclusion:

5.   etc...

5.1   --enc encoding

Define the encoding mode. The mode is one of NONE, HASHONLY, DECRYPT, ENCRYPT, SIGN or AUTO. The case of the keywords is ignored. The default mode is 'AUTO'.
This option set the level of hash calcualtion, encryption and signing:

Parameters of option --enc
Parameter Description
NONE Do not calculate hash value neither encrypt nor sign the disc. This make the operation fast, but the Image can't be run a Wii.

Listing commands and wit DUMP use this value in AUTO mode, because they have no interests in signing or hash values.

HASHONLY Calculate the hash values but do not encrypt nor sign the disc.
DECRYPT Decrypt the partitions. While composing this is the same as HASHONLY.
ENCRYPT Calculate hash value and encrypt the partitions.
SIGN Calculate hash value, encrypt and sign the partitions. This is the default AUTO mode for all copying commands.
AUTO Let the command the choice which method is the best. This is the default setting.
All keywords are case insensitive and non ambiguous abbreviations are allowed.

Command reference

»wit convert«,   »wit copy«,   »wit dump«,   »wit edit«,   »wit extract«,   »wwt add«,   »wwt extract«,   »wwt new«,   »wwt scrub«,   »wwt sync«,   »wwt update«.